Enter Bodhi through Shame, Fear, and Renunciation
这几天我们已经知道，烦恼会覆蔽我们清净的本性，知道烦恼覆蔽要如何打开？打开烦恼的方法有七种：
除灭三障，当兴七种心。一者惭愧，二者恐怖，三者厌离，四者发菩提心，五者怨亲平等，六者念报佛恩，七者观罪性空。
第一种就是要有惭愧心，人人都应该「惭愧」。我们不如人，或是自己非常愚昧，别人看得很清楚，一条道路很明显，能往前精进直走，偏偏我们不能在康庄的大道上好好直走，就原地踏步无法精进，像这样就是我们该要好好忏悔的时候。惭己不如人，这种愧己不断造过失，所以我们时时都要有惭愧的心。我们有「惭愧」，才能生出「恐怖」。我们要知道「恐怖」。恐怖什么呢？因为我们要相信因缘果报，我们要相信造恶一定堕地狱。
就像我们昨天说过的，哪怕是佛陀的弟子，尤其是佛陀同父异母的弟弟难陀，佛陀最亲的人，还是希望他能永远解脱，所以他以方法将他诱引到精舍，让他出家。但是凡夫心爱欲念难除，佛陀还是以权巧方便来劝导他，人生如果做得好，只不过是上天堂，享受天福。但是假使心性不定，权愈大、位愈高，所做的恶会愈多。将来一不小心犯了罪恶，就要堕入地狱。所以佛陀希望他能完全脱离，脱离这种六道轮回的苦难，所以要让他起惭愧心——「别人能安安静静、轻安自在地修行，为什么我不能呢？」
当心中对三恶道苦难，生起恐怖心后。厌离心也随之而起。
看到天堂、地狱，尤其是地狱的境界，起了「恐怖」的心。所以他有了「恐怖」的心，就知道有三恶道的苦难，之后他才能开始起「厌离」心。
厌离心起，未觉醒者会嫉恶世间，觉醒者将发菩提心，入菩萨道。
恐怖为第二，第三就是「厌离」。要厌离什么呢？ 「厌离」这种人间的苦乐相随。有的人在世间受尽了苦，但是他没有觉醒，他觉得「为什么这些灾难这些苦报都在我的身上。为什么呢？」所以他对人世间就起了「嫉」与「恶」两个心态。 「嫉」，他会嫉妒别人，为什么能过着那么悠闲？那么富有的生活？ 「妒」，也会妒恨，甚至也会厌恶。像这样的心情生起，会变成卑劣慢。那种自己不能反省过去，回过头他会嫉恶世间。
在慈济大藏经里面，有很多的故事，真人实事。有一位邱居士，小时候让人当养子，养父母是因为没有生育，才把他抱来。后来养父母又生了一个，他们对抱养的这个儿子非常虐待，只让他做不给他吃，养父开口就是骂他垃圾，所以他觉得他的人生就是垃圾一般。
等到他长大了，他的养父母也帮他娶妻，帮他娶妻的原因是想娶一个媳妇来侍候婆婆。但是这个婆婆，虽然是娶自己亲戚的女儿，但是有疼吗？不疼惜！因为怨儿及媳，所以让他们做、让他们拖、让他们磨，却没有让他们过一天好日子。他们曾经两夫妻偷偷带出去，但是也是一样。
后来因为这个弟弟长大了，有一天车祸医不好，养母迷信去问神，应该是说神庙的乩童。乩童也有点善心，知道这对父母很虐待养子，所以他就跟她说：「如果你想要让你的儿子好起来，除非就是贵人邱文吉，他们夫妻如果能回来，而且你们可以好好疼惜人家，这个儿子的生命才保得住。」所以夫妻又带回来了。
但是他们回来之后，是否能够得到养父母的感恩，能把他当成一个人？把他当成这个家庭的一员呢？没有。还是很多工作都要他们承担！甚至当这养父母的年纪大了，她最怕的是万一有这间房子、有一点钱，万一年老了时，是不是他们会分掉她亲生儿子的财产？所以，还是以千方百计去折磨他们。因为她的儿子已经好了，所以再一次把他们赶出去。养母虽然把他赶出去了，却到处去说坏话，在跟村里人说：「你们有工作不要让他做，这是一个多不孝、多不孝的儿子。」就是说他很多坏话。
所以整个村子的人，虽然知道他是很可怜的人，但若雇佣他，会被他的养父母怨，所以也没有人敢雇他，所以找不到工作可以做。但是因为生活的压迫，所以他去码头做工。但是那时候他开始喝酒了，自暴自弃喝酒了，从此就开始过着自暴自弃的生活。喝酒，每天都是醉茫茫，喝醉了又回家打老婆、打小孩。到了后来他引发肝病，已经是很严重的肝病，但是酒还是没有戒掉，一直打妻小。
打到儿子长大了，儿子交女朋友的时候，对方的家庭知道他是一个会打太太的人，所以人家不肯嫁女儿。后来他深深体会：「我真的做人做得这么垃圾，连我的儿子那么乖，都娶不到太太。」所以他就很懊恼。那段时间，虽然懊恼，但是酒还是一样喝。
有一天去公园里坐，自己也是在半醉半醒之间，看到慈济人在那里做垃圾回收、资源回收，扫地、垃圾分类，在那里他看到了就想：「奇怪怎么会有这群人？这群人看起来好像品格都不错，怎么都在那边捡垃圾？」
这时我们的委员走过去，因为他的身边有铝罐，喝酒之后随手丢下去的铝罐。她走过去之后就跟他打个招呼，去捡罐子。他就很好奇，就问她。她就开始跟他说：「我们这是在回收，这是慈济在做的。」他的心开始觉得：「捡垃圾也能够救人啊？」
从此开始，如果在那里坐，就又会看到慈济人，慈济人也会慢慢接近他。知道他天天醉，所以慢慢带他。等到我们的委员已经能跟他谈心，了解他的家庭环境，知道他现在最烦恼的，就是因为儿子娶不到太太，儿子很痛苦。所以我们这位委员就跟他说：「没有其他的方法，唯有改变你自己，你赶快做个好家庭、好模范，这样人家才肯嫁给你们。」「是这样吗？」
从此开始，他就很努力，他还说：「要不然师姊，我来跟你们做这个工作好不好？」委员说：「当然很好！」开始师兄师姊就开始带他做。一开始做环保回收，酒也就慢慢少喝了。对慈济也愈来愈了解。这群师兄师姊，大家相处的都那么的欢喜，每个人也都很尊重他，他不觉得自己是垃圾，他觉得大家都很爱护他，很看重他，所以在这个环境中，慢慢人性已经开始改变过来了。
当然改变的这个过程当中，有谁肯相信他呢？没有！不过他既然决定要改，真的是彻底改，那段时间人家不相信，被人家辱骂等等，他都忍下来。这段时间也经过了好几年，因为他已经开始决心，要厌离过去错误的人生，他懂得珍惜现在，能向上精进的机会，所以他要戒酒。其实他已经喝酒喝到上了酒瘾，没有喝很痛苦，不过同样志气、毅力很坚强地提起来了。虽然很痛苦，但是他也改了。
这种煎熬，这段时间这么多年，真的让他度过了，彻底改了。他说现在都是叫太太「阿嬷」，因为他觉得过去，对待太太都很过份，现在要用孙子孝顺阿嬷的心情来弥补、来忏悔。所以他在家里改过来以后，现在不但会帮太太洗衣服，也会帮太太洗碗筷。
不过好景不常，他本来就已经喝酒喝到伤了肝，酒毒也已经进入体内，等到他改过来之后，有几年的时间很坚强，抱着病体在做。他说这辈子的业，这辈子要赶紧消掉，才不用拖到下辈子，所以他很用心。
到了最后医生跟他说：「你要有心理准备喔！可能在这两、三个月的时间。」他听了一点都不觉得害怕，他觉得这就是他人生的结束。虽然只剩下两、三个月的时间，更是要把握时间，所以还是一样功德费照收，准备要把这些事情，都交给他的太太、他的儿子。
他的儿子总算是娶到老婆了，这位媳妇也很乖，也支持他的先生，接手公公的慈济志业。而他的太太也是一样，过去虽然被他打得那么惨，但是在这几年的时间当中，那分疼惜、那分尊重，真的她也会舍不得，唯一能留念的、能感恩的，就是慈济，慈济能够让她的先生改变，所以她也愿意要把慈济承担起来。
到了最后一个月回来了，回到慈济的心莲病房。平时他也没在病床上，他也是到处去说话，去现身说法，这段时间他也度了很多人。到了最后，他要求我一件事情，就是要帮他证婚。他说：「我那时候很鲁莽，我们结婚的照片也都撕破了，现在人生的最后，我来穿个新郎的衣服，我太太穿个新娘嫁纱，来让师父证明我们有结婚。」真的在心莲病房当中的那个时候，两夫妻新郎、新娘穿得很美，来到慈济部让我证婚，为他们祝福。
实在是很难得，过去大恶的人，因为他本身受尽人生的折磨，所以内心充满了那种「妒」与「恶」。他嫉妒人人的生活，他厌恶世间人人对他很不好，所以自暴自弃，这种人没有惭愧心，没有恐怖心。现在已经开始「惭愧」了。知道过去生中带来的业缘，还有自己来生来世的业力，所以起了恐怖心。起了「恐怖」心，他就能「厌离」过去的错误，才能向前精进，才能真正发「菩提心」。
他在后面很多年的时间，虽然带着肝病，那时医生跟他说，已经很严重了，才开始投入慈济。他也还有坚定的心情去做，真的不只是做去「抵』，他真的也有做来「囤」。这种发菩提心，到最后安详往生，也是在大体老师的行列中。这种人生转变非常难得。
这七种心，是每个学佛者，进入佛道的修行次第。先有惭愧、恐怖心，才能起厌离生死心，方能真正发菩提心、怨亲平等心、念报佛恩心、观罪性空心依序而生。
各位知道「惭愧」的心情，才能起「怖畏」，才会「厌离」，才能慢慢进入「菩提道」。所以大家要用心啊！
The past few days we have talked about how affliction can obscure pure, intrinsic nature. How do we remove the obscuration of afflictions? There are seven ways to do so.
Develop Seven States of Mind to eliminate the Three Obstructions. First is a sense of shame. Second is a sense of fear. Third is a sense of renunciation. Fourth is developing Bodhicitta. Fifth is impartiality toward all beings. Sixth is repaying the Buddha's grace. Seventh is contemplating the empty nature of evil.
The first is having a sense of shame. We should all be ashamed for being foolish or not as good as others. Others can see clearly an obvious path and they can move forward diligently. But we cannot follow such a broad and open path. Instead, we stay the same and cannot advance. This is when we should feel ashamed.
Let us feel shame when we are not as good as others or when we constantly commit wrongs. So we must always have a sense of shame. We need that to give rise to a sense of fear. We need to know fear. Why do we need to be afraid? Because we need to believe in karmic retribution, that doing evil will cause us to descend into Hell.
As I said yesterday, this even applies to Buddha's disciples. Particularly the Buddha's half-brother, Nanda; Buddha hoped that even His closest relatives would attain eternal liberation. So He found a way to entice His brother to the monastery to become a monk. But eliminating cravings and desires from ordinary person's mind is difficult. The Buddha used skillful and ingenious ways to show him that doing good only allows people to enjoy blessings in Heaven. If a person's mind is not stable, greater power status will lead him to create even more evil. With an accidental mistake, he can fall into Hell.
So Buddha hoped Nanda could fully escape the suffering of cyclic rebirth in the Six Realms. Thus the Buddha wanted him to feel shame. "Others can calmly, peacefully, comfortably practice. Why can't I?"
The Buddha showed him Heaven and Hell. Hell, in particular, aroused great fear. Nanda developed a sense of fear when he learned of the suffering in the Three Evil Realms. Only then did he develop a sense of renunciation.
When we develop a sense of fear toward suffering in the Three Evil Destines, a sense of renunciation will arise. When a sense of renunciation arises, the unenlightened will loathe the world, while the enlightened will develop Bodhicitta and enter the Bodhisattva-oath.
So the second step is fear. The third is renunciation. What do we need to renounce? The human world of pain and pleasure. Some people suffer a great deal in this world, yet they have not awakened. Instead, they ask "Why are these disasters and painful retributions happening to me? Why?" So, toward this world, they develop an attitude of envy and hostility. They envy others. "Why can they enjoy such a relaxing and wealthy lifestyle?" Envy will become jealousy, resentment and disgust. Such an attitude can turn into abject pride. Not only will they not self-reflect, even worse they will loathe the world.
In the Tzu Chi Archive, there are many real life stories. One is about Mr. Qui. He was adopted at a young age. The parents were childless, so they adopted him, but they later had a child. From then on they abused their adopted son very badly. He was given work, but no food. His adopted father addressed him as garbage. So he felt that his life as garbage. This is how he grew up.
When he reached adulthood, his adoptive parents arranged a marriage for him. They did so with the intention of finding a daughter-in-law to serve his mother. Although the daughter-in-law was a relative, did his mother treat her well? No, she did not. She despised both the son and his wife. She worked them hard, harassed them, tormented them, and did not give them a single day of peace. Eventually the couple fled, but that was not the end of the story.
One day, the little brother got into a car accident and could not recover. The mother was superstitious and asked a spiritual medium for help. He was kind, and knew how this couple had abused their adopted son. So he said to her, "The only way for your son to recover is for your precious benefactor, Qiu Wen-ji and his wife to return home and for you to treat them well. Only then will your son's life be saved." So the couple returned.
Once they did, were the parents grateful? Did they treat him as a person? Did they treat him as part of the family? No, they still gave them a lot of work. As the adoptive parents got older, what the mother feared most was that if they died while this couple was in the house, the couple could get a share of her son's inheritance. So she tormented them in many ways and once her son recovered, she threw them out of the house again.
After she drove them out, she bad-mouthed them everywhere. She told the villagers "Do not give him any work. He is such an unfilial son." She said many bad things about him.
The entire village pitied him. But if they hired him, they would have to face the wrath of his adoptive parents. So no one cared to hire him. He could not find any work. The financial pressure drove him to work at the dock. That was when he began drinking. He gave on himself and just drank. He resigned himself to being a failure. He got drunk every day, then came home and beat his wife and son. Later, he was diagnosed with liver disease. Though his condition was already critical, he still continued to drink and beat his wife and son.
When his son grew up, he fell in love with a girl. When her family found out Mr. Qui beat his wife, they refused to let their daughter marry his son. He deeply felt that he was really a piece of garbage. His son was great, but could not marry because of him. So he was very frustrated. He was miserable and kept drinking.
One day he was sitting in the park half-drunk. He saw Tzu Chi volunteers, collecting garbage and recyclables. They swept the grounds and sorted the garbage. He saw them and wondered, "That's strange. What are they doing? They seem like people with good character. Why are they picking up garbage?"
At that moment, a Commissioner walked over because there was aluminum can next to him. It was a beer can he had thrown away. She greeted him as she picked up the can. He was very curious and asked her questions. She told him, "We are collecting recyclables. We are doing this for Tzu Chi." He realized that, "Picking up garbage can save people, too!"
From then on, he was occasionally in the park when Tzu Chi people were there. They gradually got to know him. They knew he got drunk every day, so they guided him patiently. In time, he began sharing with our Commissioners. They understood his background and knew that what bothered him the most was that his son was miserable because he could not marry his girlfriend. So, our Commissioner told him, "There is no other solution. You have to change yourself. You must create a happy family, be a good father. Then they will allow the marriage." "Is that the way?"
Thus he began changing himself. He said, "What if I join you in doing this volunteer work?" "That would be great!" From then on, the volunteers began to guide him. Gradually, he drank less and understood more about Tzu Chi. This group of volunteers got along very well. They really respected him. He no longer felt like garbage. He felt that everyone loved him and respected him. So, in this environment, his personality gradually improved.
As he was changing, no one believed he could do it. But since he was determined to change, he truly and thoroughly changed. When people did not believe him, they humiliated and insulted him. He faced it all with forbearance. The whole process took quite a number of years. However, because he was determined to renounce his mistaken ways, he knew to cherish the opportunity to diligently improve himself. He needed to stop drinking. Since he was already addicted to alcohol, not drinking was agonizing. But with determination and perseverance, he strengthens his resolve. Though the process was painful, he changed.
It was excruciating and took many years. He dealt with it and thoroughly transformed. He started calling his wife "grandma" because he felt that he was absolutely terrible to her. He wanted to treat her with the filial piety of a grandchild to atone for the past. After he changed his ways, he helped her with laundry and dish-washing.
Unfortunately, the good times did not last. He already had liver disease. Drinking damaged his liver and alcohol poisoned his body. After he reformed, he stayed strong for many years. He volunteered despite being ill. He said, "I need to eliminate the karma I've created this lifetime promptly. So I do not carry it to the next life." Therefore he was very devoted.
Eventually the doctor told him, "You have to be mentally prepared. You may only have another two to three months." He was not frightened when he heard this. He felt that it was just the end of this life. Since he only had two or three months left, he had to make full use of his time. So he continued to collect donations and prepared to and these matters over to his wife and son.
His son was able to marry his girlfriend and she was a very good daughter-in-law. She was supportive of her husband continuing her father-in-law's Tzu Chi work. The same was true of his wife. Even though he used to beat her badly, in the last couple of years, he cherished her and respected her. She was reluctant to part with him. She was grateful toward Tzu Chi for transforming her husband. So she was willing to shoulder his Tzu Chi duties.
During his last month of life, he was admitted to our palliative ward in Hualien. He did not stay in bed. He walked around and shared his experience with others. During this time, he transformed many people.
Toward the end, he asked me for one thing, to serve as a witness to his marriage. He said, "I was very rush. I even tore our wedding picture to pieces. Now, at the end of my life, I want to put on the groom's attire to stand with my wife so you can bear witness to our marriage." In the Heart Lotus Palliative Care Ward, they dressed beautifully as bride and groom so I could give them my blessings.
This is truly precious. He was such a terrible person, jealous and evil because of the great suffering he went through. He envied others' lives and resented them because they mistreated him. Thus he gave up on himself. A person like him has no sense of shame, no sense of fear. But he became ashamed and aware of the karmic conditions he brought from past lives and the karmic forces leading to future lives. Therefore he developed a sense of fear and was able to renounce his mistaken ways. He was able to progress diligently and thus truly develop Bodhicitta.
For many years, even after his doctor told him he had a serious liver disease, he still participated in Tzu Chi. He was determined to volunteer. He was not just making up for his past; he wanted to sow blessings for the future. Thus he developed Bodhicitta. In the end, he passed away peacefully. He became one of our "Silent Mentors". Such a transformation is truly precious.
Every Buddhist must cultivate the Seven States of MInd in sequence. First with shame and fear, renounce worldly existence. Then truly develop Bodhicitta, be impartial toward all beings, repay the Buddha's grace, and lastly, realize evil has an empty nature.
Everyone, only with a sense of shame can fear and renunciation arise, thus allowing one to enter the Bodhi-path. So everyone, please be mindful.
出处：http://moya.iyard.org/bin/view/Blog/BlogEntry2251
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